Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province
Th Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province include Basin and Range eruptions in California, Idaho, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Nevada, Wyoming, and Oregon, as well as those of the Long Valley Caldera geological province and the Yellowstone hotspot.
Volcanic fields
The volcanic fields: Northwestern Nevada, Santa Rosa-Calico, Long Valley Caldera region, Southwestern Nevada, Central Nevada, Indian Peak, Marysvale, San Juan, Central Colorado, Jemez volcanic lineament, Mogollon-Datil, and Boot Heel are more or less adjacent areas.
Geological features
Many geological features in Western United States have a Northeastern orientation, the North American craton motion has the same orientation as well.[1] For example: the Trans-Challis fault zone, Idaho; the Snake River in Oregon; the Garlock Fault, California; the Colorado River in Utah; the Colorado Mineral Belt; Crater Flat-Reveille Range-Lunar Crater lineament, the Northwestern Nevada volcanic field; the San Juan caldera cluster, Colorado; the Socorro-Magdalena caldera cluster, New Mexico; Jemez volcanic lineament (Raton hotspot trail); and the Yellowstone hotspot trail. But the Yellowstone hotspot trail was modified through faults and extension.
Geology
Prior to the Eocene Epoch (55.8 ±0.2 to 33.9 ±0.1 Ma) the convergence rate of the Farallon and North American Plates was fast and the angle of subduction was shallow. During the Eocene the Farallon Plate subduction-associated compressive forces of the Laramide orogeny ended, plate interactions changed from orthogonal compression to oblique strike-slip, and volcanism in the Basin and Range Province flared up. It is suggested that this plate continued to be underthrust until about 19 Ma, at which time it was completely consumed and volcanic activity ceased, in part. Olivine basalt from the oceanic ridge erupted around 17 Ma and extension began.[2][3][4][5][6] The extension resulted in roughly north-south-trending faults, the Great Basin, the Walker trough, the Owens graben, and the Rio Grande rift, for instance.
List of large volume eruptions in the Basin and Range Province
The large volume eruptions in the Basin and Range Province include:
- Mono County, California, USA; Long Valley Caldera; 758.9 ka ±1.8; VEI 7; 600 cubic kilometers (144 cu mi) of Bishop Tuff.[7][8]
- Valles Caldera, New Mexico, USA; around 1.15 Ma; VEI 7; around 600 cubic kilometers (144 cu mi) of the Tshirege formation, Upper Bandelier eruption.[8][9][10]
- Valles Caldera, New Mexico, USA; around 1.47 Ma (Lower Bandelier eruption, the Otawi).[8][9][11][12]
- Yellowstone hotspot (?), Lake Owyhee volcanic fields; 15.0 to 15.5 Ma.[13]
- Yellowstone hotspot (?), Northwest Nevada volcanic field, Virgin Valley, High Rock, Hog Ranch, and unnamed calderas; West of the Pine Forest Range, Nevada; 15.5 to 16.5 Ma; Tuffs: Idaho Canyon, Ashdown, Summit Lake, and Soldier Meadow.[14][15][16][17][18]
- Columbia River Basalt Province: Yellowstone hotspot sets off a huge pulse of volcanic activity, the first eruptions were near the Oregon-Idaho-Washington border. Columbia River and Steens flood basalts, Pueblo Mountains, Steens Mountain, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho; most vigorous eruptions were from 14 to 17 Ma.[8]
- Mount Belknap Caldera (size: 17 x 13 km), Marysvale Volcanic Field, southwestern Utah; 19 Ma; 150 cubic kilometers (36 cu mi) of tephra (Joe Lott member).[8][24]
- Big John Caldera (size: 10 x 6 km), Marysvale Volcanic Field, southwestern Utah; 22 Ma; 50 cubic kilometres (12 cu mi) of Delano Peak Tuff member.[8]
- Monroe Peak Caldera (size: 20 x 16 km), Marysvale Volcanic Field, southwestern Utah; 23 Ma; 200 cubic kilometers (48 cu mi) of Osiris Tuff.[8][24]
- Lake City calderas (size: 20 km wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 23.1 Ma; 300 cubic kilometers (72 cu mi) of Sunshine Peak Tuff.[8][25][26]
- Turkey Creek Caldera (size: 21 km wide), Chiricahua National Monument, Arizona; 25 Ma; 500 cubic kilometers (120 cu mi) of Rhyolite Canyon Formation.[8][27]
- Lake City calderas (size: 20 km wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 25.9 Ma; 200 to 500 cubic kilometers (48 to 120 cu mi) of tephra.[8][28]
- Questa Caldera (size: 15 km wide), Questa-Latir volcanic locus, Questa, New Mexico; 26 Ma, 400 cubic kilometres (96 cu mi) of Amalia Tuff.[8][24]
- Creede Caldera (size: 24 km wide), San Juan Mountains, Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 26.7 Ma; less than 500 cubic kilometers (120 cu mi) of Snowshoe Mountain Tuff.[28][29]
- San Luis caldera complex (size: 18 km wide), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 26.8 Ma, 562 cubic kilometres (135 cu mi) of Nelson Mountain Tuff.[8][28]
- San Luis caldera complex (size: 18 km wide), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 26.9 Ma, 250 cubic kilometres (60 cu mi) of Cebola Creek Tuff.[28]
- San Luis caldera complex (size: 18 km wide), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27 Ma, 150 cubic kilometres (36 cu mi) of Rat Creek Tuff.[8][28]
- Three Creeks Caldera (size: 8 km wide), Marysvale Volcanic Field, Cove Fort-Sulphurdale area, southwestern Utah; 27 Ma; 100 to 200 cubic kilometers (24 to 48 cu mi) of Three Creeks Tuff Member of the Bullion Canyon Volcanics.[8][24]
- South River Caldera, Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27.1 Ma, more than 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Wason Park Tuff.[8][28]
- Central San Juan Caldera (concealed), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27.2 Ma, 250 cubic kilometres (60 cu mi) of Blue Creek Tuff.[8][28]
- Bachelor Caldera (size: 20 x 28 km), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27.35 Ma; 1,200 cubic kilometers (288 cu mi) of Carpenter Ridge Tuff.[29]
- Silverton Caldera (size: 20 km), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27.6 Ma, 50 to 100 cubic kilometers (12 to 24 cu mi) of Crystal Lake Tuff.[8][28]
- La Garita Caldera (size: 100 x 35 km), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; VEI 8; more than 5,000 cubic kilometers (1,200 cu mi) of Fish Canyon Tuff was blasted out in a major single eruption about 27.8 Ma.[29][30][31]
- San Juan Caldera (size: 22 x 24 km), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28 Ma; more than 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cu mi) of Sapinero Mesa Tuff.[8]
- Uncompahgre Caldera (size: 23 x 20 km), Uncompahgre National Forest, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.1 Ma; more than 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cu mi) of Dillon/Sapinero Mesa Tuffs.[8][32]
- Lost Lake Caldera (size: 10 km wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.2 Ma, 100 to 500 cubic kilometers (24 to 120 cu mi) of Blue Mesa Tuff.[8]
- Platoro alderas, San Juan volcanic field, Platoro, Conejos County, Colorado; 28.2 Ma; 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cu mi) of Chiquito Peak Tuff.[8]
- Central San Juan Caldera (concealed), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.3 Ma; 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Masonic Park Tuff.[8][28]
- Ute Creek Caldera, Central Colorado volcanic field, Colorado; 28.3 Ma; 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Ute Ridge Tuff.[8][33]
Large volume eruptions of the Southwestern Nevada volcanic field (SWNVF)
| Caldera name |
State (volcanic field) |
|
size |
| Black Mountain Caldera (18 km wide) |
Nevada (SWNVF) |
7 Ma ±1 |
300 km3 (72 cu mi) of Thirsty Canyon Tuff.[8][24] |
| Timber Mountain caldera complex (30 x 25 km) |
Nevada (SWNVF) |
11.45 Ma |
900 km3 (216 cu mi) of Timber Mountain Tuff - Ammonia Tanks member.[8][34] |
| Timber Mountain caldera complex |
Nevada (SWNVF) |
11.6 Ma |
1,200 km3 (288 cu mi) of Timber Mountain Tuff - Rainer Mesa member.[8][34] |
| Paintbrush Caldera (20 km wide) |
Nevada (SWNVF) |
12.7 Ma |
1,000 km3 (240 cu mi) of Paintbrush Tuff - Topopah Spring member.[8][34] |
| Paintbrush Caldera |
Nevada (SWNVF) |
12.8 Ma |
1,200 km3 (288 cu mi) of Paintbrush Tuff - Tiva Canyon member[8][34] |
| Silent Canyon Caldera (20 x 16 km) |
Nevada (SWNVF) |
13 Ma |
200 km3 (48 cu mi).[8][24] |
| Crater Flat Group |
Nevada (SWNVF) |
13.25 Ma |
650 km3 (156 cu mi) of Belted Range Tuff[8] |
List of Rupelian calderas
The Rupelian age/stage (Paleogene period/system, Oligocene epoch/series) spans the time between 33.9 ±0.1 Ma and 28.4 ±0.1 Ma (million years ago).
- Bursum Caldera (size: 40 x 30 km), Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, New Mexico; 28.5 Ma ±0.5; 1,050 cubic kilometres (250 cu mi) of Bloodgood Canyon Tuff.[8][35]
- Bursum Caldera (size: 40 x 30 km), Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, New Mexico; 28.5 Ma ±0.5; 1,200 cubic kilometres (290 cu mi) of Apache Springs Tuff.[8][35]
- San Juan Caldera (size: 24 x 22 km), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.5 Ma; 900 cubic kilometres (220 cu mi) of tephra.[8][32]
- Summitville Caldera (size: 12 x 8 km), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.5 Ma; 100 to 500 cubic kilometers (24 to 120 cu mi) of Ojito Creek/ La Jadero Tuffs.[8][36][37]
- Mount Hope (size: 15 km), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 29 Ma; 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Masonic Park Tuff.[8][25]
- Around White Rock caldera (size: 50 km North-South), White Rock Mountains, Great Basin, Nevada; 29.02 Ma ±0.04; 2,600 cubic kilometres (620 cu mi) of Lund Tuff.[8][38]
- Ute Creek (size: 8 km wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 29 Ma; 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Ute Ridge Tuff.[8][25]
- Platoro calderas (size: 12 x 18 km), San Juan volcanic field, Platoro, Conejos County, Colorado; 29.5 Ma; 500 cubic kilometers (120 cu mi) of Black Mountain Tuff.[8][36][37]
- Indian Peak, Eastern Nevada; 29.5 Ma; more than 3,200 cubic kilometers (768 cu mi) of Wah Wah Springs Tuff.[8][39]
- Platoro calderas (size: 18 x 22 km), San Juan volcanic field, Platoro, Conejos County, Colorado; 30 Ma; 592 cubic kilometers (142 cu mi) of La Jara Canyon Tuff.[8][29][36]
- Goodsight-Cedar Hills volcano-tectonic depression (Bell Top Formation), south-central New Mexico; 30.5 Ma ±1.5, 295 cubic kilometres (71 cu mi) of tephra (Bell Top Formation).[8][40]
- William's Ridge, Central Nevada; 31.4 Ma; 3,500 cubic kilometres (840 cu mi) of Windous Butte Tuff.[8][41]
- North Pass Caldera, Cochetopa Hills, Central Colorado volcanic field; 32.25 Ma; 400 to 500 cubic kilometers (96 to 120 cu mi) of Saguache Creek Tuff.[8][42]
- Organ Caldera (size: 16 km wide), Organ Mountains, New Mexico; 32 Ma, 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Cueva Soledad Rhyolite.[8][40]
- Chinati Caldera (size: 30 x 20 km), Chinati Mountains, Texas; 32.5 Ma ±0.5, 1,000 cubic kilometres (240 cu mi) of Mitchel Mesa Rhyolite.[8][43]
- Bonanza (size: 12 km wide), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 32.5 Ma, more than 100 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of Bonanza Tuff.[8][44]
- Cowboy Rim (size: 26 x 18 km), Animas Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico; 33 Ma, 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Gillespie Tuff.[8][45]
- Emory Caldera (size: 25 x 55 km), Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, City of Rocks State Park; 33 Ma; VEI 8; 1,310 cubic kilometers (314 cu mi) of Kneeling Nun Tuff.[8][46][47][48][49]
- Socorro Caldera (size: 25 x 35 km), Rio Grande rift, Socorro, New Mexico; 33 Ma, 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Hells Mesa Rhyolite.[8][29][50]
- Marshall Creek, Thirtynine Mile volcanic area, Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 33.7 Ma; more than 100 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of Thorn Ranch Tuff.[8][51]
- Mount Aetna (size: 10 km wide), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 33.81 Ma, 100 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of Badger Creek Tuff.[8][52]
- Grizzly Peak Caldera (size: 12 km wide), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 34.31 Ma; 100 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of Grizzly Peak Rhyolite.[8][52]
- Juniper Caldera (size: 25 km), Animas Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico; 35 Ma; 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Oak Creek Tuff.[8][45]
- Mount Princeton (eroded), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 35.3 Ma ±0.6; more than 1,000 cubic kilometres (240 cu mi) of Wall Mountain Tuff.[8][44][53]
- Davis Mountains, Texas; 35.35 Ma ±0.6; 210 cubic kilometres (50 cu mi) of tuffs of Wild Cherry, Lavas of Casket Mountain.[8][54]
- Davis Mountains, Texas; 35.61 Ma ±0.09; 200 cubic kilometres (48 cu mi) of Barrel Springs Formation and ash flow tuff.[8][54]
- Quitman Caldera (size: 15 x 10 km), Quitman Mountains, Hudspeth County, Texas; 36 Ma; 300 cubic kilometres (72 cu mi) of Square Peak Volcanics.[8][24]
- Davis Mountains, Texas; 36.2 Ma ±0.6; 300 cubic kilometres (72 cu mi) of Mafic lavas.[8][54]
- Davis Mountains, Texas; 36.33 Ma ±0.13; 150 cubic kilometres (36 cu mi) of tephra (Paisano Volcano).[8][54]
- Davis Mountains, Texas; 36.51 Ma ±0.05; 210 cubic kilometres (50 cu mi) of Adobe Canyon and Limpia Formations.[8][54]
- Davis Mountains (fissures), Texas; 36.82 Ma ±0.08; 1,250 cubic kilometres (300 cu mi) of Flood rhyolites, rhyolite domes, and Gomez Tuff.[8][54]
- Muir Caldera (size: 26 x 18 km wide), Hidalgo County, New Mexico; 37 Ma; 300 cubic kilometres (72 cu mi) of Woodhaul Canyon tephra.[8][24][55]
- Infernito Caldera (size: 12 km wide), Trans-Pecos, Texas; 37.5 Ma ±0.5; 70 to 100 cubic kilometers (17 to 24 cu mi) of Buckshot Tuff.[8][24]
- Thomas Caldera (size: 16 x 25 km wide), Delta, Utah; 39 Ma; 400 cubic kilometres (96 cu mi) of Mount Laird Tuff.[8][24]
- Twin Peaks Caldera (size: 20 km), Challis volcanic field, Custer, Idaho; 45 Ma, 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Challis Creek Tuff.[8][56]
- Van Horn cauldron complex (size: 34 x 48 km), Challis volcanic field, Custer, Idaho; 46 Ma ±0.6; unknown amount of Elis Creek Tuff.[8][57]
- Silver Bell Caldera (size: 8 km wide), Arizona; 55.8 Ma ; unknown amount of Mount Laird Tuff.[8][58]
- Silver Bell Caldera (size: 8 km wide), Arizona; 68 Ma; 150 cubic kilometres (36 cu mi) of Lithic Tuff.[8][24]
- Tucson Mountain Caldera (size: 25 km wide), Tucson Mountains, Arizona; 73 Ma; 500 cubic kilometres (120 cu mi) of Cat Mountain Tuff.[8][28][59]
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- Maughan, Larissa L.; Christiansen, Eric H., Best, Myron G., Grommé, C. Sherman, Deino, Alan L., and Tingey, David G. (2002). "The Oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: a very large volume monotonous intermediate". J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 113 (1-2): 129–157. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=13686551. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
- McIntosh, W.C., and Chapin, C.E. (2004). "Geochronology of the central Colorado volcanic field". Bull. New Mexico Bur. Geol. Min. Res. 160: 205–237.
- McKee, E. H. (1971). "Tertiary Igneous Chronology of the Great Basin of Western United States–Implications for Tectonic Models". Geological Society of America Bulletin 82 (12): 3497–3502. http://bulletin.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/82/12/3497. Retrieved 09-04-2010.
- Morgan, L.A.; Doherty, D.J., and Leeman, W.P. (1984). "Ignimbrites of the Eastern Snake River Plain: evidence for major caldera-forming eruptions". J. Geophys. Res. 89: 8665–8678.
- Moye, F.J.; Hackett, W.R., Blakley, J.D., and Snider, L.G. (1988). "Regional geologic setting and volcanic stratigraphy of the Challis Volcanic Field, Central Idaho". Idaho Geological Survey Bulletin 27: 87–97.
- Noble, D.C. (1988), "Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the northwestern Great Basin: an overview", Spring Field Trip Guidebook, Special Publication No. 7, Geological Society of Nevada, pp. 31–42
- Osburn, G.R., and Chapin, C.E. (1983). "Ash-flow tuffs and cauldrons in the northeast Mogollon-Datil volcanic field: A summary". Field Conference Guide of the New Mexico Geological Society 34: 197–204.
- Min, K.; Reiners, P.W., Nicolescu, S., Wolff, J.A., Mundil, R., and Winters, L.R. (2004). "(U-Th)/He dating of volcanic phenocrysts with high-(U-Th) inclusions, Bandelier Tuff, New Mexico". EOS Trans. AGU 85 (Abstract V43E-1450).
- Sawyer, David A.; R. J. Fleck, M. A. Lanphere, R. G. Warren, D. E. Broxton and Mark R. Hudson (October 1994). "Episodic caldera volcanism in the Miocene southwestern Nevada volcanic field: Revised stratigraphic framework, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, and implications for magmatism and extension". Geological Society of America Bulletin 106 (10): 1304–1318. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1304:ECVITM>2.3.CO;2. http://bulletin.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/106/10/1304. Retrieved 2010-03-26.
- Ratté, J.C.; Marvin, R.F., and Naeser, C.W. (1984). "Calderas and ash flow tuffs of the Mogollan Mountains, southwestern New Mexico". J. Geophys. Res. 89: 8713–8732.
- Rytuba, James J.; John, David A., and McKee, Edwin H. (May 3–5, 2004). "Volcanism Associated with Eruption of the Steens Basalt and Inception of the Yellowstone Hotspot". Rocky Mountain (56th Annual) and Cordilleran (100th Annual) Joint Meeting Paper No. 44-2. http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004RM/finalprogram/abstract_72657.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-26.
- Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M.; Pringle, M.S., and Wijbrans, J. (2000). "New 40Ar/39Ar age of the Bishop Tuff from multiple sites and sediment rate calibration for the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary". J. Geophys. Res. 105: 21431–21443.
- Seager, W.R. (1973). "Resurgent volcano-tectonic depression of Oligocene age, south-central New Mexico". Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 84: 3611–3626.
- Seager, W.R. (1981). "Geology of Oregon Mountains and southern San Andreas Mountains, New Mexico". Memoir of the New Mexico Bureau of Mineral Resources 36: 1–97.
- Sigurdsson, H. (2000), "Volcanic episodes and rates of volcanism", in Sigurdsson, H., Encyclopedia of volcanoes, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 271–279
- Smith, R.L. and Luedke, R.G. (1984). "Potentially active volcanic lineaments and loci in western conterminous United States". Explosive Volcanism: Inception, Evolution, and Hazard. National Research Council, Geophysics Study Committee. pp. 47–66. http://books.google.ch/books?id=2j4rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=Potentially+active+volcanic+lineaments+and+loci+in+western+conterminous+United+States,+in:+Explosive+Volcanism:+Inception,+Evolution,+and+Hazard&source=bl&ots=U4jVPdCmA8&sig=fGJRLxZPTSu_tuF-8IoQXAJMGOk&hl=de&ei=tBG_S9fOGJKYOPmcwJcE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Steven, T.A., and Ratte, J.C. (1965). "Geology and structural control of ore deposition in the Creede district, San Juan Mountains, Colorado". USGS Professional Paper 487: 90.
- Varga, R.J., and Smith, B.M. (1984). "Evolution of the early oligocene Bonanza caldera, northeast San Juan volcanic field, Colorado". J. Geophys. Res. 89: 8679–8694.
- Ward, Peter L. (2 April 2009). "Sulfur Dioxide Initiates Global Climate Change in Four Ways". Thin Solid Films 517 (11): 3188–3203. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2009.01.005. http://www.tetontectonics.org/Climate/SO2InitiatesClimateChange.pdf. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
Columbia River Basalt Province-sources
- Brueseke, M.E.; Heizler, M.T., Hart, W.K., and S.A. Mertzman (15 March 2007). "Distribution and geochronology of Oregon Plateau (U.S.A.) flood basalt volcanism: The Steens Basalt revisited". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 161 (3): 187–214. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.12.004.
- Camp, V.E., and Ross, M.E. (2000). "Mapping the Steens-Columbia River Basalt Connection: Implications for the extent, volume, and magma supply rate of CRB volcanism". Geol. Soc. Am. Abstracts with Programs Annual meeting, Reno 32: A159.
- Carson, Robert J. and Pogue, Kevin R. (1996). Flood Basalts and Glacier Floods:Roadside Geology of Parts of Walla Walla, Franklin, and Columbia Counties, Washington. Washington State Department of Natural Resources (Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular 90). ISBN none.
- Jarboe, N.A.; Coe, R.S., Renne, P.R., and Glen, J.M. (2006). "40Ar/39Ar ages of the Early Columbia River Basalt Group: Determining the Steens Mountain Geomagnetic Polarity Reversal (R0-N0) as the top of the C5Cr Chron and the Imnaha Normal (N0) as the C5Cn.3n Chron". EOS Trans. AGU 87 (Abstract V51D-1702).
- Camp, Victor E.; Martin E. Ross, William E. Hanson (January 2003). "Genesis of flood basalts and Basin and Range volcanic rocks from Steens Mountain to the Malheur River Gorge, Oregon". Geological Society of America Bulletin 115 (1): 105–128. http://bulletin.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/115/1/105. Retrieved 2010-03-30.
- Reidel, Stephen P. (January 2005). A Lava Flow without a Source: The Cohasset Flow and Its Compositional Members. The Journal of Geology, Volume 113, Pp 1 - 21. ISBN none.
- Web citations:
Peter W. Lipman papers-sources
- Lipman, Peter W. (1969). "Alkalic and tholeiitic basaltic volcanism related to the Rio Grande Depression, Southern Colorado and Northern New Mexico". Geol. Soc. America Bulletin 80: 1343–1354.
- Lipman, Peter W.; Prostka, H.J., and Christiansen, R.L. (1972). "Cenozoic volcanism and plate-tectonic evolution of the Western United States: I. Early and middle Cenozoic". Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions ser. A 271: 217–248. JSTOR 74007.
- R. L. Christiansen and P. W. Lipman (1972). "Cenozoic Volcanism and Plate-Tectonic Evolution of the Western United States. II. Late Cenozoic". Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions ser. A 271: 249–284. JSTOR 74008.
- Lipman, Peter W.; Steven, T.A., Luedke, R.G., and Burbank, W.S. (1973). "Revised volcanic history of the San Juan, Uncompahgre, Silverton, and Lake City calderas in the western San Juan Mountains, Colorado". J. Res. U. S. Geol. Surv. 1: 627–642.
- Lipman, Peter W. (1975). "Evolution of the Platoro caldera complex and related volcanic rocks, southeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado". USGS Professional Paper 852: 1–128.
- Lipman, Peter W. (1976). "Caldera-collapse breccias in the western San Juan Mountains, Colorado". Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 87: 1397–1410.
- Steven, T.A., and Lipman, Peter W. (1976). "Calderas of the San Juan volcanic field, southwestern Colorado". USGS Professional Paper 958: 35.
- Lipman, Peter W., and Mehnert, H.H. (1979), "The Taos Plateau volcanic field, northern Rio Grande rift, New Mexico", in Riecker, R.E., Rio Grande rift – Tectonics and magmatism, Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union, pp. 289–311
- Sawyer, D.A., and Lipman, Peter W. (1983). "Silver Bell Mountains, Arizona- porphyry copper mineralization in a late Cretaceous caldera". EOS Trans. AGU 64: 874.
- Lipman, Peter W. (September 30, 1984). "The Roots of Ash Flow Calderas in Western North America: Windows Into the Tops of Granitic Batholiths". Journal of Geophysical Research 89 (B10): 8801–8841. Bibcode 1984JGR....89.8801L. doi:10.1029/JB089iB10p08801. http://ysgeo.yonsei.ac.kr/include/file_down.php?save_path=/data1/ref&filename=00160089010008801.pdf&filename2=00160089010008801.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
- Lipman, Peter W.; Mehnert, H.H., and Naeser, C.W (1986). "Evolution of the Latir volcanic field, northern New Mexico, and its relation to the Rio Grande rift, as indicated by potassium-argon and fission track dating". Journal of Geophysical Research 91: 6329–6345.
- Thompson, R.A.; Dungan, M.A., and Lipman, Peter W. (1986). "Multiple differentiation processes in early-rift calc-alkaline volcanics, northern Rio Grande rift, New Mexico". Journal of Geophysical Research 91: 6046–6058.
- Lipman, Peter W., and Reed, J.C., Jr. (1989). "Geologic map of the Latir volcanic field and adjacent areas, northern New Mexico". U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1907 (Scale 1:48000).
- Hon, K., and Lipman, Peter W. (1989), "Western San Juan caldera complex", in Lipman, Peter W., Excursion 16B: Oligocene-Miocene San Juan volcanic field, Colorado, 46, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir, pp. 350–380
- Lipman, Peter W., and W. S. Baldridge (1990), "Taos, New Mexico", in C. A. Wood and J. Kienle, Volcanoes of North America, Cambridge University Press, pp. 290–292
- Lipman, Peter W., and Glazner, Allen F. (1991), "Introduction to middle Tertiary Cordilleran volcanism—Magma sources and relations to regional tectonics", Journal of Geophysical Research 96 (B8): 13193–13199
- Lipman, Peter W.; Dungan, M.A., Brown, L.L., and Deino, A.L. (1996). "Recurrent eruption and subsidence at the Platoro Caldera complex, southeastern San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; new tales from old tuffs". Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 108: 1039–1055.
- Lipman, Peter W. (2000), "Calderas", in Sigurdsson, H., Encyclopedia of volcanoes, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 643–662, ISBN 012643140X
- Olivier Bachmann; Michael A. Dungan, and Peter W. Lipman (2002). "The Fish Canyon Magma Body, San Juan Volcanic Field, Colorado: Rejuvenation and Eruption of an Upper-Crustal Batholith". Journal of Petrology 43 (8): 1469–1503. doi:10.1093/petrology/43.8.1469. http://petrology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/43/8/1469. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- Lipman, Peter W., and Calvert, A. (2003). "Southward migration of mid-Tertiary volcanism: Relations in the Cochetopa Area, North-Central San Juan Mountains, Colorado". Geol. Soc. Am. Abstracts with Programs 35: 14.
- Peter W. Lipman; William C. McIntosh (July 2008). "Eruptive and noneruptive calderas, northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado: Where did the ignimbrites come from?". Geological Society of America Bulletin 120 (7-8): 771–795. doi:10.1130/B26330.1.
Maps
- Overview map at Basin and Range Province.
- Map of the Basin and Range Province
- Map: Thelin and Pike (1991), Landforms of the conterminous United States - A digital shaded-relief portrayal, USGS Map I-2206
- Global Positioning System (GPS) Time Series
- Great Basin/ Nevada
- Steve Ludington, Dennis P. Cox, Kenneth W. Leonard, and Barry C. Moring (1996), "Chapter 5, Cenozoic Volcanic Geology in Nevada", in Donald A. Singer, An Analysis of Nevada's Metal-Bearing Mineral Resources, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, http://www.nbmg.unr.edu/dox/ofr962/, retrieved 2010-03-23
- Potter, Christopher J.; Dickerson, Robert P. , Sweetkind, Donald S. , Drake, Ronald M. II, Taylor, Emily M. , Fridrich, Christopher J. , San, Carma A. Juan, and Day, Warren C. (2002). Geologic map of the Yucca Mountain region, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series. I-2755. Denver, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey. http://geo-nsdi.er.usgs.gov/metadata/map-i/2755/metadata.faq.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- Matthew E. Brueseke and William K. Hart (2008). Geology and Petrology of the Mid-Miocene Santa Rosa-Calico Volcanic Field, northern Nevada. Reno, Nevada: Mackay School of Earth Sciences and Engineering College of Science, University of Nevada. http://www.nbmg.unr.edu/dox/b113/Text.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
- Great Basin/ Utah
- Rowley, Peter D.; Cunningham, Charles G. , Steven, Thomas A. , Workman, Jeremiah B. , Anderson, John J. , and Theissen, Kevin M. (2002). Geologic Map of the Central Marysvale Volcanic Field, Southwestern Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series. I-2645-A. Denver, Colorado: U. S. Geological Survey. http://geo-nsdi.er.usgs.gov/metadata/map-i/2645/a/metadata.faq.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- Colorado
- New Mexico
- "The Taos Plateau Volcanic Field". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. http://www.nmnaturalhistory.org/volcano/taos_map.html. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
- Crumpler, L. S., and Lucas, S. G. (2001). "Volcanoes of New Mexico: An Abbreviated Guide For Non-Specialists". Volcanology in New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 18: 5–15. http://www.nmnaturalhistory.org/pdf_files/NMvolcanoes.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- Mogollon-Datil volcanic field
- "Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument". New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources. http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/tour/federal/monuments/gila_cliff_dwellings/home.html. Retrieved 2010-04-29. citing from Chapin, C.E., McIntosh, W.C., and Chamberlin, R.M. (2004), "The Late Eocene—Oligocene peak of Cenozoic volcanism in southwestern New Mexico", in Mack, G.H., and Giles, K.A., The Geology of New Mexico, a Geologic History, 11, New Mexico Geological Society Special Publication, pp. 271–294, http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/special/11/
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